Twenty years of inhaled insulin: promise, setbacks, and future directions

Authors

  • Meriem Gaddas University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine 'Ibn el Jazzar' of Sousse, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Research Laboratory LR12SP09 'Heart Failure' Sousse, Tunisia, Department of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8836-767X
  • Imen Ben Saida University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine 'Ibn el Jazzar' of Sousse, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Research Laboratory LR12SP09 'Heart Failure' Sousse, Tunisia, Intensive Care Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-9339
  • Helmi Ben Saad University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine 'Ibn el Jazzar' of Sousse, Farhat HACHED Univer-sity Hospital, Research Laboratory LR12SP09 'Heart Failure' Sousse, Tunisia. helmi.bensaad@rns.tn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7477-2965

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2025-8260

Keywords:

administration, inhalation, bioavailability, diabetes mellitus type 1, drug delivery system, pulmonary drug administration

Published

2025-05-28

How to Cite

Gaddas, M., Ben Saida, I., & Ben Saad, H. (2025). Twenty years of inhaled insulin: promise, setbacks, and future directions. EXCLI Journal, 24, 573–577. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2025-8260

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Section

Letters to the editor

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