Development of nanoparticle-based Toll-like receptor agonists for respiratory immunotherapy

Authors

  • Amisha S. Raikar Department of Pharmaceutics- PES Rajaram and Tarabai Bandekar College of Pharmacy, Ponda, Goa, 403401, India; Department of Biomedical, Nutrition and Sports Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1328-1589
  • Ananya Verma Department of Biotechnology- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai-Pune, Maharashtra, 410206, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5523-5603
  • Mayuri B. Naik Department of Pharmacology- PES Rajaram and Tarabai Bandekar College of Pharmacy, Ponda, Goa, 403401, India https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9835-7418
  • Sweta M. Prabhu Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Mangalore, Karnataka, 574143, India https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9676-3676
  • Keshav Raj Paudel NICM Health Research Institute and School of Science, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. E-mail: k.dua@westernsydney.edu.au https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3591-2080
  • Kamal Dua NICM Health Research Institute and School of Science, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. E-mail: k.paudel@westernsydney.edu.au https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-1159

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2025-9020

Keywords:

respiratory diseases, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nanoparticle-based immunotherapy

Abstract

Respiratory diseases are global health challenges demanding innovative immunotherapy solutions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in immune responses, making them attractive therapeutic targets. This review examines nanoparticle-based Toll-like receptor agonists as a promising approach for respiratory immunotherapy. Nanoparticles offer targeted drug delivery and sustained release, ideal for enhancing TLR agonist efficacy. This article explores TLRs' role in immunomodulation, nanoparticle applications, design considerations, preclinical efficacy, safety assessments, challenges, and future prospects. Promising results from animal studies suggest enhanced immunological responses and reduced inflammation compared to conventional treatments. Safety concerns are addressed with insights from toxicity studies. Challenges include regulatory hurdles and biocompatibility, with strategies proposed for optimization. Nanoparticle-based TLR agonists hold great potential to transform respiratory disease treatment, warranting further research and collaboration for successful clinical translation.

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Published

2026-01-07

How to Cite

Raikar, A. S., Verma, A., Naik, M. B., Prabhu, S. M., Paudel, K. R., & Dua, K. (2026). Development of nanoparticle-based Toll-like receptor agonists for respiratory immunotherapy. EXCLI Journal, 25, 102–130. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2025-9020

Issue

Vol. 25 (2026)

Section

Review articles

Categories

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Copyright (c) 2026 Amisha S. Raikar, Ananya Verma, Mayuri B. Naik, Sweta M. Prabhu, Keshav Raj Paudel, Kamal Dua

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