Letter to the editor
Plant polyphenols effect on gut microbiota: Recent advancements in clinical trials
Ayshwarya Lakshmi Chelakkot1, Cijo George Vazhappilly2
1Independent scholar
2Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
EXCLI J 2021;20:Doc1091
Dear Editor,
The diverse microbial community present in the human intestine plays a vital role in translating the food to nutrients and metabolites essential for maintaining host physiology, including digestion, lipid and glucose metabolism, immune homeostasis, and proper development of the brain and cognitive functions (Klinder et al., 2016[13]; Park et al., 2020[18]). Altering the gut microbiota through dietary interventions for the prevention or treatment of disorders might lead to developing a novel concept called 'personalized nutrition' and help better understand the effects of dietary bioactive compounds on the host microbiome.
Recent research and clinical trials have identified the beneficial effects of a plant-based diet to increase bacterial diversity and ameliorate various disorders, including intestinal disorders, obesity-related endotoxemia, and cardiovascular disorders (Vazhappilly et al., 2019[22], 2021[21]; Guglielmetti et al., 2020[9]). Fruits and berries are rich in polyphenols and modulate gut microbiota by increasing the global fecal bacteria (Klinder et al., 2016[13]; Moreno-Indias et al., 2016[16]; Teixeira et al., 2017[20]; Ntemiri et al., 2020[17]; Rahman et al., 2021[19]). For instance, in obese and overweight people, a change in the gut microbiota, with a consequent decrease in endotoxemia, through probable modulation of the Faecalibacterium, Odoribacter, and Parvimonas, was noted on consuming pomegranate extract (González-Sarrías et al., 2018[7]). Consumption of two SunGold kiwi fruits per day increased plasma vitamin C and fasting glucose significantly, decreased HbA1c levels, and improved cardiovascular and metabolic markers (Wilson et al., 2018[25]). Modulation of gut microbiota using red wine also showed protective effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders (Moreno-Indias et al., 2016[16]). The polyphenols in cocoa powder and green tea, especially flavanols epicatechin and catechin, are metabolized by the microbiota with increased bioavailability and similar protective outcomes (Janssens et al., 2016[12]; Gómez-Juaristi et al., 2019[6]; Ángel García-Merino et al., 2020[1]; Vilela et al., 2020[24]). A deeper understanding of the correlation between dietary metabolites and gut microbiota is, therefore, essential to attain beneficial effects of modulating host-microbiome under disease conditions. The below table(Tab. 1) (References in Table 1: Ángel García-Merino et al., 2020[1]; Basak et al., 2020[2]; Chashmniam et al., 2019[3]; Conterno et al., 2019[4]; de Oliveira Silva et al., 2020[5]; Guevara-Cruz et al., 2020[8]; Hidalgo-Liberona et al., 2020[10]; Istas et al., 2019[11]; Lima et al., 2019[14]; Medina-Vera et al., 2019[15]; Ntemiri et al., 2020[17]; Park et al., 2020[18]; Vetrani et al., 2020[23]; Vilela et al., 2020[24]) summarizes the recent clinical findings on the relation between various dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the American University of Ras Al Khaimah for the support and facilities provided.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1.
Ángel García-Merino J, Moreno-Pérez D, De Lucas B, Montalvo-Lominchar MG, Muñoz E, Sánchez L, et al., Chronic flavanol-rich cocoa powder supplementation reduces body fat mass in endurance athletes by modifying the follistatin/myostatin ratio and leptin levels. Food Funct. 2020;11:3441–50.2.
Basak SK, Bera A, Yoon AJ, Morselli M, Jeong C, Tosevska A, et al. A randomized, phase 1, placebo-controlled trial of APG-157 in oral cancer demonstrates systemic absorption and an inhibitory effect on cytokines and tumor-associated microbes. Cancer. 2020;126:1668–82.3.
Chashmniam S, Mirhafez SR, Dehabeh M, Hariri M, Azimi Nezhad M, Nobakht M. Gh BF. A pilot study of the effect of phospholipid curcumin on serum metabolomic profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73:1224–35.4.
Conterno L, Martinelli F, Tamburini M, Fava F, Mancini A, Sordo M, et al. Measuring the impact of olive pomace enriched biscuits on the gut microbiota and its metabolic activity in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58:63–81. 5.
de Oliveira Silva F, Lemos TCC, Sandôra D, Monteiro M, Perrone D. Fermentation of soybean meal improves isoflavone metabolism after soy biscuit consumption by adults. J Sci Food Agric. 2020;100:2991–8. 6.
Gómez-Juaristi M, Sarria B, Martínez-López S, Clemente LB, Mateos R. Flavanol bioavailability in two cocoa products with different phenolic content. A comparative study in humans. Nutrients. 2019;11:1–19. 7.
González-Sarrías A, Romo-Vaquero M, García-Villalba R, Cortés-Martín A, Selma MV, Espín JC. The endotoxemia marker lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is reduced in overweight-obese subjects consuming pomegranate extract by modulating the gut microbiota: A randomized clinical trial. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018;62:1–32. 8.
Guevara-Cruz M, Godinez-Salas ET, Sanchez-Tapia M, Torres-Villalobos G, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Guizar-Heredia R, et al. Genistein stimulates insulin sensitivity through gut microbiota reshaping and skeletal muscle AMPK activation in obese subjects. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8:1–9.9.
Guglielmetti S, Bernardi S, Del Bo’ C, Cherubini A, Porrini M, Gargari G, et al., Effect of a polyphenol-rich dietary pattern on intestinal permeability and gut and blood microbiomics in older subjects: Study protocol of the MaPLE randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20:1–10.10.
Hidalgo-Liberona N, González-Domínguez R, Vegas E, Riso P, Del Bo C, Bernardi S, et al. Increased intestinal permeability in older subjects impacts the beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols by modulating their bioavailability. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68:12476–84.11.
Istas G, Wood E, Le Sayec M, Rawlings C, Yoon J, Dandavate V, et al. Effects of aronia berry (poly)phenols on vascular function and gut microbiota: A double-blind randomized controlled trial in adult men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110:316–29. 12.
Janssens PLHR, Penders J, Hursel R, Budding AE, Savelkoul PHM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Long-term green tea supplementation does not change the human gut microbiota. PLoS One. 2016;11:1–15. 13.
Klinder A, Shen Q, Heppel S, Lovegrove JA, Rowland I, Tuohy KM. Impact of increasing fruit and vegetables and flavonoid intake on the human gut microbiota. Food Funct. 2016;7:1788–96. 14.
Lima ACD, Cecatti C, Fidélix MP, Adorno MAT, Sakamoto IK, Cesar TB, et al. Effect of daily consumption of orange juice on the levels of blood glucose, lipids, and gut microbiota metabolites: controlled clinical trials. J Med Food. 2019;22:202–10.15.
Medina-Vera I, Sanchez-Tapia M, Noriega-López L, Granados-Portillo O, Guevara-Cruz M, Flores-López A, et al. A dietary intervention with functional foods reduces metabolic endotoxaemia and attenuates biochemical abnormalities by modifying faecal microbiota in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45:122–31. 16.
Moreno-Indias I, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Pérez-Martínez P, Andrés-Lacueva C, Cardona F, Tinahones F, et al., Red wine polyphenols modulate fecal microbiota and reduce markers of the metabolic syndrome in obese patients. Food Funct. 2016;7:1775–87.17.
Ntemiri A, Ghosh TS, Gheller ME, Tran TTT, Blum JE, Pellanda P, et al., Whole blueberry and isolated polyphenol-rich fractions modulate specific gut microbes in an in vitro colon model and in a pilot study in human consumers. Nutrients. 2020;12:1–21.18.
Park M, Choi J, Lee HJ. Flavonoid-rich orange juice intake and altered gut microbiome in young adults with depressive symptom: A randomized controlled study. Nutrients. 2020;12:1–16. 19.
Rahman S, Mathew S, Nair P, Ramadan WS, Vazhappilly CG. Health benefits of cyanidin-3-glucoside as a potent modulator of Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress. Inflammopharmacology. 2021;eoub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-021-00799-7.20.
Teixeira LL, Costa GR, Dörr FA, Ong TP, Pinto E, Lajolo FM, et al., Potential antiproliferative activity of polyphenol metabolites against human breast cancer cells and their urine excretion pattern in healthy subjects following acute intake of a polyphenol-rich juice of grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.). Food Funct. 2017;8:2266–74.21.
Vazhappilly CG, Amararathna M, Cyril AC, Linger R, Matar R, Merheb M, et al., Current methodologies to refine bioavailability, delivery, and therapeutic efficacy of plant flavonoids in cancer treatment. J Nutr Biochem. 2021;94:108623.22.
Vazhappilly CG, Ansari SA, Al-Jaleeli R, Al-Azawi AM, Ramadan WS, Menon V, et al., Role of flavonoids in thrombotic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology. 2019;27:863–9.23.
Vetrani C, Maukonen J, Bozzetto L, Della Pepa G, Vitale M, Costabile G, et al. Diets naturally rich in polyphenols and/or long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids differently affect microbiota composition in high-cardiometabolic-risk individuals. Acta Diabetol. 2020;57:853–60.24.
Vilela MM, Salvador SL, Teixeira IGL, Del Arco MCG, De Rossi A. Efficacy of green tea and its extract, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, in the reduction of cariogenic microbiota in children: A randomized clinical trial. Arch Oral Biol. 2020;114:104727. 25.
Wilson R, Willis J, Gearry RB, Hughes A, Lawley B, Skidmore P, et al., Sungold kiwifruit supplementation of individuals with prediabetes alters gut microbiota and improves vitamin C status, anthropometric and clinical markers. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):895.
Table1: Correlation between plant polyphenols and gut microbiota